copper

CHHATTISGARH Every sector of c’garh developed in last 14 years: cm   Chief Minister Raman Singh on Tuesday said that in last 14 years, every sector of the State has undergone development and there has been a positive change in every person’s life. In next five years, Chhattisgarh will witness four times the development made so far Besides, Rs six crore will be sanctioned for extension of drinking water pipeline in village Jaibel, Kongara, Pakhna, Khorkhosa and Chhote Amabal, Singh said. The Chief Minister later distributed goods, cheques and aabaadi patta to more than 6,000 beneficiaries under various government schemes. ... Read more

Classifications, generations, applications and limitations of digital computers   Computer Classification: By Size and Power Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified according to purpose, data handling and functionality. According to functionality, computers are classified as: Analog Computer: A computer that represents numbers by some continuously variable physical quantity, whose variations mimic the properties of some system being modeled. Personal computer: A personal computeris a computer small and low cost. The term”personal computer” is used to describe desktop computers (desktops). Workstation: A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation is just a generic term for a user’s machine (client machine) in contrast to a “server” or “mainframe.” Minicomputer: A minicomputer isn’t ... Read more

CHHATTISGARH Raman invites herbal majors to set up mfg units in c’garh   Chief Minister Raman Singh on Saturday invited reputed herbal products manufacturers of the country to set up units for production of herbal medicines in Chhattisgarh.   He was addressing the inaugural programme of two-day national symposium on ‘Vanoshadhi Chhattisgarh 2018″ based on herbal medicines here.   On the occasion, Singh released souvenir published by Chhattisgarh State Medicinal Plant Board.   The Chief Minister informed the herbal medicine manufacturing companies attending the symposium about the scope of farming, production and market for herbal medicines in Chhattisgarh.   He ... Read more

  Preparation of nitrogen Nitrogen is found in both free and combined states. It occupies 78.07% by volume. Nitrogen can be prepared: By heating copper in air: Firstly, air is passed through lime water and then concentrated sulphuric acid to make the air free from carbon dioxide and moistures respectively. The air contains only nitrogen and oxygen which are passed over the heated copper wire as shown in the figure. Here copper combines with oxygen to make copper oxide and nitrogen gas passes over. This nitrogen can be collected by downward displacement of water. By burning phosphorous in air: Nitrogen ... Read more

Ore An ore is a special type of rock that contains a large enough amount of a particular mineral (usually a metal) to make it economically practical to extract that mineral from the surrounding rock. Not all minerals are found in a large enough amount in one location to make it worth it to remove the ore from the rock through a process known as mining. Ores can be mined in a number of ways, including strip mining as shown here at this uranium mine. If there is a large enough amount present, the rock will be extracted and processed in a ... Read more

Minerals Minerals are defined as solid, inorganic, naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical formula and general structure. Almost all chemical elements in the Earth’s crust are associated with at least one mineral. They vary in color, hardness, density, crystal form, crystal size, transparency, composition, location, and abundance. Some minerals are radioactive (uranophane), while others are magnetic (magnetite). Some are uncombined elements, such as gold, silver, sulfur, bismuth, copper and platinum. Certain minerals, such as fluorite (calcium fluoride), glow with a vibrant luminescence after exposure to ultraviolet light. Feldspar (a potassium aluminum silicate) and quartz (silicon dioxide) are the most ... Read more

  Metallurgy of Copper Copper Mining: The commonest ore used in the extraction of copper is Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) also known as Copper Pyrites and other such sulfides. The percentage of copper in the actual ore is too low for direct extraction of copper to be viable. The concentration of ore is required and it is done by the Froth Flotation method. Concentration of Ore: The ore is crushed into a fine powder and a suspension is created in water. To this are added, Collectors and Froth Stabilizers. Collectors (pine oils, fatty acids etc) increase the non-wettability of the metal part of the ore and ... Read more

Metallurgy concentration, roasting, smelting Roasting It is a process wherein the ore is heated either alone or with some other material in excess of air below the fusion point of the ore. Usually, this method is used for sulphide ores. In roasting, definite chemical changes take place to form oxide or chloride of the metal. Ores of metals like zinc, lead, copper and nickel, when roasted in air, are converted to their oxides. Ores of some metals like lead may get partially oxidized and converted to sulphate. In such case, it is called sulphating roasting or partial roasting. Ores of ... Read more

 Refining of ores Metallurgy Metallurgy Metallurgy is the process of obtaining metals from ores. It may be defined as the processes which are involved in the extraction of metals from their ores and then refining them for use are known as metallurgy. Steps of Metallurgy: Metals can be extracted from their ores by following processes: Enrichment of ore or Concentration of Ore Conversion of concentrated ore into metal oxide Reduction of metal Oxide to metal Purification or Refining of Impure metal   ENRICHMENT OF ORE OR CONCENTRATION OF ORE   Before extracting the metal from an ore, it is necessary to remove ... Read more

Laboratory method of preparing alcohol Hydrolysis of Alkyl Halides This is a nucleophilic  substitution reaction. R-X + KOHaq → R-OH The method is not satisfactory as olefins are also formed as by-products. However better yields is obtained by using moist Ag2O or aqueous K2CO3. Tertiary butyl halides mainly gives alkene due to dehydrohalogenation. Hydration of Alkenes This is electrophilic addition of H2O to alkenes.   Mechanism of Hydration of alkenes: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation. Deprotonation to form an alcohol. Except ethyl alcohol no other primary alcohol can be obtained by this method, however ... Read more