CGPSC MAINS 2013 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories define acids and bases differently, expanding the scope of the definitions as the theories evolved. Each theory has its limitations and strengths. Understanding these theories is crucial for comprehending chemical reactions and their applications. Introduction: The concepts of acids and bases are fundamental to chemistry. While seemingly … Read more

Points to Remember: Basic components of a dry cell: zinc container, carbon rod, electrolyte paste. Electrochemical process: oxidation at the anode (zinc), reduction at the cathode (carbon). Voltage production: difference in electrochemical potential between anode and cathode. Limitations: limited lifespan, voltage drop over time. Introduction: A dry cell is a type of primary electrochemical cell … Read more

Points to Remember: Natural increase (births minus deaths) Net migration (immigration minus emigration) Factors influencing population growth (fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns) Consequences of rapid population growth (resource depletion, environmental degradation, unemployment) Consequences of declining population growth (aging population, shrinking workforce) Government policies to manage population growth (family planning programs, immigration policies) Introduction: Population … Read more

Points to Remember: Waste generation sources and types Collection, transportation, and processing methods Waste disposal techniques (landfilling, incineration, composting, recycling) Environmental and health impacts Policy and regulatory frameworks Technological advancements and best practices Introduction: Solid waste management (SWM) encompasses the collection, transportation, processing, recycling, and disposal of solid materials that are discarded because they are … Read more

Points to Remember: ABO blood group system Rh factor Blood group inheritance Importance of blood typing Introduction: Human blood is classified into different groups based on the presence or absence of specific antigens (proteins) on the surface of red blood cells. The most widely known system is the ABO system, which categorizes blood into four … Read more

Points to Remember: Vegetative reproduction is asexual reproduction in plants. It involves the development of a new plant from vegetative parts (not seeds). Several methods exist, each with advantages and disadvantages. It’s crucial for plant propagation and conservation. Introduction: Vegetative reproduction, also known as vegetative propagation, is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. Unlike … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and structure of a polyhouse. Advantages and disadvantages of using polyhouses. Applications of polyhouses in agriculture and other sectors. Environmental considerations related to polyhouse usage. Introduction: A polyhouse, also known as a greenhouse, is a structure with a transparent cover, typically made of polyethylene plastic film, glass, or polycarbonate panels. It … Read more

Points to Remember: Launch Date and Mission Orbital Position and Coverage Payload Capabilities (Transponders, Frequency Bands) Applications and Services Technological Advancements Introduction: GSAT-10, launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), represents a significant advancement in India’s communication satellite technology. Launched on September 29, 2012, from the Kourou spaceport in French Guiana, it was designed … Read more

Points to Remember: Soil pollution is the contamination of soil with harmful chemicals or substances. Sources include industrial waste, agricultural practices, and improper waste disposal. Impacts include harm to human health, ecosystem disruption, and reduced agricultural productivity. Remediation involves various techniques depending on the pollutant and extent of contamination. Introduction: Soil, the uppermost layer of … Read more

Points to Remember: Polymers are classified based on their structure into linear, branched, cross-linked, and network polymers. Each structural type exhibits different properties influencing their applications. Examples will be provided for each classification. Introduction: Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. Their properties are heavily influenced by the arrangement of these … Read more