CGPSC MAINS 2013 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Convex lenses converge light rays. The position of the object relative to the focal point (F) and the center of curvature (2F) determines the image characteristics (size, orientation, and nature – real or virtual). Ray diagrams are used to visually represent the image formation process. Introduction: A convex lens, also known as … Read more

Points to Remember: Polymers are classified based on their structure into linear, branched, cross-linked, and network polymers. Each structural type exhibits different properties influencing their applications. Examples will be provided for each classification. Introduction: Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. Their properties are heavily influenced by the arrangement of these … Read more

Points to Remember: The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process vital for life on Earth. Human activities have significantly enhanced the Greenhouse Effect, leading to global warming. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are crucial to address the challenges posed by climate change. Introduction: The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and causes of acid rain. Effects of acid rain on the environment and human health. Sources of pollutants leading to acid rain. Mitigation and prevention strategies. International and national efforts to combat acid rain. Introduction: Acid rain, a term encompassing any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and causes of landslides Types of landslides Factors influencing landslide occurrence Impacts of landslides Mitigation and prevention strategies Introduction: Landslides, also known as landslips, are geological events involving the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. They are a significant natural hazard, causing widespread damage and … Read more

Points to Remember: Victor Meyer’s test is a chemical test used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their reactivity with nitrous acid. The test involves several steps, including the formation of alkyl nitrites, which then undergo different reactions depending on the type of alcohol. The test is based on the different … Read more

Points to Remember: Three examples of solar-powered equipment. Introduction: Solar energy, harnessed from the sun’s radiant energy, is a renewable and sustainable source of power. Its application in various equipment contributes significantly to reducing carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability. The increasing affordability and efficiency of solar technology have led to its widespread adoption across … Read more

Points to Remember: Types of computer memory (primary and secondary) Key characteristics of memory (speed, capacity, volatility) Different technologies used in memory construction (RAM, ROM, SSD, HDD) The role of memory in computer operation Introduction: Computer memory is a crucial component of any computing system, acting as a temporary or permanent storage space for data … Read more

Points to Remember: Number of nuclear reactors operated by NPCIL. Installed capacity of these reactors (in MWe). Introduction: The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. It is responsible for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of nuclear power … Read more

Points to Remember: White Revolution: Focuses on increased milk production. Green Revolution: Focuses on increased food grain production. Key Players: Different individuals and organizations played crucial roles in both revolutions. Impact: Both revolutions significantly impacted India’s agricultural landscape and food security, but also had drawbacks. Introduction: India’s post-independence agricultural development has been significantly shaped by … Read more