CGPSC MAINS 2014 Paper-4

How is acetic acid prepared from the following compounds? i) CH₃CN ii) C₂H₅OH iii) CH₃CONH₂ iv) Grignard Reagent (CH₃MgX) v) CH₃COOC₂H₅

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Points to Remember: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) preparation involves various chemical reactions. Different starting materials require different reaction pathways. Understanding the chemical properties of each reactant is crucial. Safety precautions must be followed during chemical synthesis. Introduction: Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is a ubiquitous organic compound with the formula CH₃COOH. It’s a weak … Read more

What do you mean by the acidic nature (strength) of acetic acid? Explain why formic acid is stronger than acetic acid.

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Points to Remember: Acetic acid’s acidity is determined by its ability to donate a proton (H⁺). Formic acid is stronger than acetic acid due to differences in their molecular structures and electron-withdrawing effects. Acidity is measured using pKa values, with lower pKa indicating stronger acidity. Introduction: Acidity, in the context of chemistry, refers to a … Read more

Describe the reactions of acetic acid with the following compounds and give the equation and name of the product: i) NH₃ ii) PCl₅ iii) LiAlH₄ iv) SOCl₂ v) C₂H₅OH

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Points to Remember: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is a weak organic acid, readily reacting with various compounds. The reactions will involve the acidic hydrogen of acetic acid and the nucleophilic/electrophilic nature of the other reactants. Naming the products requires understanding of IUPAC nomenclature. Introduction: Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is a ubiquitous carboxylic acid … Read more

What are Urban and Industrial Solid Wastes? Mention their control measures and management.

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Points to Remember: Definition and sources of urban and industrial solid wastes. Composition and characteristics of both waste types. Environmental and health impacts of improper waste management. Control measures and management strategies for both waste types (segregation, collection, processing, disposal). Role of technology and Join Our Telegram Channel policy in effective waste management. Importance of … Read more

Describe briefly the Biogeographic Regions of India.

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Points to Remember: India’s diverse geography leads to distinct biogeographic zones. These zones are characterized by unique flora, fauna, and climate. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect these regions’ biodiversity. Introduction: India, a land of immense geographical diversity, boasts a rich tapestry of biogeographic regions. These regions, defined by their unique assemblage of plants and … Read more

Describe briefly that the Hypothalmo-hypophyseal system is the leader of the endocrine orchestra. Illustrate the main hormonal functions of various endocrine glands.

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Points to Remember: The Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system’s central role in endocrine control. The major endocrine glands and their primary hormones. The interconnectedness of the endocrine system. Introduction: The endocrine system, often referred to as the body’s “chemical messenger system,” relies on hormones to regulate a vast array of physiological processes. These processes include metabolism, growth, reproduction, … Read more

Write an essay on the development of science and technology in India.

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Points to Remember: Pre-independence scientific advancements and limitations. Post-independence policies and institutions promoting science and technology. Significant achievements in various scientific fields. Challenges faced in the development of science and technology in India. Future prospects and policy recommendations. Introduction: India’s journey in science and technology is a complex narrative spanning millennia. From ancient advancements in … Read more

Describe the quick vinegar process for the preparation of acetic acid with chemical equations.

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Points to Remember: Quick Vinegar Process: A fast method for acetic acid production. Acetic Acid: CH₃COOH, a weak organic acid. Aerobic Fermentation: Requires oxygen. Submerged Fermentation: Microbes grow suspended in liquid. Yield and Efficiency: Factors affecting production. Introduction: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), the main component of vinegar, is a crucial chemical used in various industries, including … Read more

What is Excretion? Explain the process of ‘Urine’ formation through Nephron.

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Points to Remember: Excretion is the process of removing metabolic waste products from the body. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation. Urine formation involves filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Introduction: Excretion is a vital physiological process in all living organisms, involving the removal of metabolic waste products that are … Read more

What do you understand by drip irrigation? What are its advantages?

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Points to Remember: Definition and mechanism of drip irrigation. Advantages of drip irrigation compared to other methods. Specific benefits in terms of water conservation, yield improvement, and cost-effectiveness. Potential limitations and challenges. Introduction: Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, is a micro-irrigation system that delivers water directly to the roots of plants through a … Read more

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