CGPSC MAINS 2014 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Definition and purpose of smelting and roasting. Differences between smelting and roasting. Types of smelting and roasting processes. Applications in various industries. Environmental considerations. Introduction: Smelting and roasting are crucial metallurgical processes used to extract metals from their ores. These processes involve heating the ore at high temperatures, often in the presence … Read more

Points to Remember: Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction. It involves the removal of a carboxyl group. Carbon dioxide is a byproduct. Acetic acid is a simple carboxylic acid. The reaction can be catalyzed. Introduction: Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group (-COOH) and releases carbon dioxide (CO2) from a molecule. This is … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Conditions necessary for TIR Applications of TIR Limitations of TIR Introduction: Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is an optical phenomenon that occurs when a light ray traveling from a denser medium to a rarer medium strikes the interface between the two media at an angle greater than … Read more

Points to Remember: Focal length Magnification Aperture Resolution Light gathering ability Introduction: The “power” of a lens isn’t a single, easily defined quantity like wattage. Instead, it refers to a lens’s ability to manipulate light, specifically its ability to magnify, resolve detail, and gather light. This “power” is determined by several interconnected factors, primarily its … Read more

Points to Remember: Reversible reactions can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions. Irreversible reactions proceed essentially to completion in one direction only. Equilibrium is a key concept differentiating reversible and irreversible reactions. Introduction: Chemical reactions are classified into two broad categories: reversible and irreversible. A reversible reaction is one that can proceed in … Read more

Points to Remember: Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, and have a metallic luster. Non-metals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle, and lack metallic luster. There are some elements that exhibit properties of both metals and non-metals, known as metalloids. Introduction: Elements are the fundamental building blocks … Read more