CGPSC MAINS 2015 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Definition of cathode rays. Production method of cathode rays. Six key characteristics of cathode rays. Introduction: Cathode rays, discovered in the late 19th century, played a pivotal role in the understanding of atomic structure and the development of modern physics. They are streams of electrons, negatively charged subatomic particles, emitted from the … Read more

Points to Remember: Reflex Action: Involuntary, rapid response to a stimulus; involves a reflex arc. Reflex Arc: Sensory neuron, interneuron (sometimes), motor neuron pathway. C3 Photosynthesis: The most common photosynthetic pathway; uses RuBisCO to fix CO2. C4 Photosynthesis: Adaptation to hot, dry climates; uses PEP carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation. Introduction: This response will address … Read more

Points to Remember: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high levels of endemic species and significant habitat loss. Biodiversity loss is driven by multiple interacting factors. Understanding the causes is crucial for effective conservation strategies. Introduction: Biodiversity hotspots are geographically defined areas characterized by exceptional levels of plant endemism and significant habitat loss. These areas are … Read more

Points to Remember: Location of alkali and alkaline earth metals in the periodic table. Characteristics of their oxides and hydroxides (acidic/basic nature, reactivity). Explanation of the diagonal relationship between lithium and magnesium, highlighting similarities and differences. Introduction: The periodic table, a cornerstone of chemistry, organizes elements based on their atomic structure and properties. Alkali metals … Read more

Points to Remember: Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred. Electrical energy is the capacity to do work using electricity. The SI unit of power is the watt (W). The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy equal to 3.6 million joules. … Read more

Points to Remember: Auxins: Primarily involved in cell elongation, apical dominance, and root development. Gibberellins: Crucial for stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering. Cytokinins: Promote cell division, delay senescence, and influence apical dominance. Sources vary depending on the plant species and developmental stage. Synthesis often occurs in specific tissues. Introduction: Phytohormones, also known as plant … Read more

Points to Remember: INSAT’s role in communication, meteorology, and broadcasting. Evolution of INSAT generations (INSAT-1, INSAT-2, INSAT-3, GSAT). Key technological advancements and challenges faced. INSAT’s contribution to India’s socio-economic development. Future prospects and the role of GSAT series. Introduction: The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is a series of geostationary communication satellites launched by India. … Read more

Points to Remember: Types of nuclear reactors Working principle of nuclear reactors Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear reactors Safety concerns and regulations Future of nuclear reactors Introduction: Nuclear reactors are devices that initiate and control sustained nuclear chain reactions. These reactions release a tremendous amount of energy from the splitting (fission) of heavy atomic nuclei, … Read more

Points to Remember: The Red Data Book is a crucial tool for conservation efforts. It categorizes species based on their extinction risk. Different countries and organizations maintain their own Red Data Books. The information contained within informs conservation strategies and policy. Data is constantly updated reflecting changing species populations. Introduction: The Red Data Book, also … Read more

Points to Remember: Double fertilization involves two sperm cells. One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. The other sperm fertilizes the central cell, forming the endosperm. This process is unique to angiosperms (flowering plants). Endosperm provides nourishment for the developing embryo. Introduction: Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism unique to flowering plants (angiosperms). … Read more