CGPSC MAINS 2016 Paper-4

What is air pollution? Describe its reasons, effects, and control measures.

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Points to Remember: Definition of air pollution Sources of air pollution (natural and anthropogenic) Health and environmental effects of air pollution Air pollution control measures (legislation, technology, public awareness) Introduction: Air pollution is the contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the … Read more

Explain the role of a common man in the preservation and conservation of biodiversity.

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Points to Remember: The importance of individual actions in biodiversity conservation. Various ways a common man can contribute. The collective impact of individual efforts. The role of awareness and education. Policy implications and government support. Introduction: Biodiversity, encompassing the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, is crucial for … Read more

Describe the importance of wildlife conservation.

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Points to Remember: Biodiversity preservation Ecosystem services Economic benefits Ethical considerations Human well-being Introduction: Wildlife conservation, the practice of protecting plant and animal species and their habitats, is paramount for maintaining the health of our planet and ensuring human well-being. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), a landmark international treaty, highlights the intrinsic value of … Read more

What do you know about Agroecology?

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Points to Remember: Definition and core principles of agroecology. Relationship with conventional agriculture. Benefits and challenges of agroecological practices. Examples of agroecological systems. Policy implications and future directions. Introduction: Agroecology is a scientific discipline that applies ecological principles to the design and management of sustainable agricultural systems. It moves beyond simply considering the farm as … Read more

Define the first and second principal focus of any lens with a ray diagram.

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Points to Remember: The principal focus of a lens is a crucial concept in geometrical optics. Understanding the difference between the first and second principal focus is essential for analyzing image formation. Ray diagrams are a valuable tool for visualizing light paths through lenses. Introduction: A lens is a transparent refracting medium bound by two … Read more

With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the construction, working, and use of a Leclanché cell.

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Points to Remember: Construction materials of a Leclanché cell (zinc container, carbon rod, electrolyte, depolarizer). Electrochemical reactions during cell operation. Uses of Leclanché cells (flashlights, toys, remote controls). Limitations of Leclanché cells (short shelf life, voltage drop under load). Introduction: The Leclanché cell, invented by Georges Leclanché in 1866, is a primary electrochemical cell, meaning … Read more

Describe an alternating current generator (dynamo) under the following heads: (i) Principle, (ii) Construction and diagram, (iii) Working, (iv) Uses (any three).

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Points to Remember: Principle: Electromagnetic induction. Construction: Rotating armature, stationary field magnets, slip rings, brushes. Working: Rotation of armature in magnetic field induces alternating current. Uses: Power generation, industrial applications, household appliances. Introduction: An alternating current (AC) generator, commonly known as a dynamo, is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the … Read more

Describe primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols with suitable examples. How are they prepared from Grignard reagent?

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Points to Remember: Definition and classification of alcohols (primary, secondary, tertiary). Preparation of alcohols using Grignard reagents. Examples of each type of alcohol and their preparation. Introduction: Alcohols are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a saturated carbon atom. They are classified based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the … Read more

What do you understand by slow and fast reactions? Explain with suitable examples. Describe the factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction.

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Points to Remember: Definition of slow and fast reactions based on reaction rate. Examples of slow and fast reactions. Factors influencing reaction rates: nature of reactants, concentration, temperature, surface area, catalysts, and pressure (for gaseous reactions). Introduction: Chemical reactions are processes that involve the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances. These reactions occur at … Read more

Make a well-labeled diagram of a flower. Write about the functions of different parts of a flower.

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Points to Remember: Main parts of a flower: Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Pistil (Carpel). Function of each part in reproduction and plant survival. Diagram should clearly label all parts. Introduction: Flowers are the reproductive organs of flowering plants (angiosperms). Their primary function is sexual reproduction, leading to the production of seeds and fruits. The diversity in … Read more

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