CGPSC MAINS 2018 Paper-4

Points to Remember: The heart is a muscular organ. It has four chambers. It pumps blood throughout the body. The heart’s structure facilitates efficient blood circulation. Valves prevent backflow of blood. Introduction: The human heart is a vital organ, a muscular pump responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. It’s roughly the size of a … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of Information Technology (IT) IT’s impact on various sectors in rural India (agriculture, education, healthcare, governance) Challenges in implementing IT in rural areas (infrastructure, digital literacy, affordability) Potential of IT for rural development and bridging the digital divide. Introduction: Information Technology (IT) encompasses the use of computers, software, networks, and other … Read more

Points to Remember: Megadiversity refers to countries with exceptionally high biodiversity. India’s biodiversity is influenced by its varied geography, climate, and history. Conservation efforts are crucial for preserving India’s megadiverse status. Threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Introduction: India is rightfully termed a “megadiversity” nation, a designation given to countries with … Read more

Points to Remember: The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when light hits a material. Three laws govern the photoelectric effect. Einstein’s equation explains the effect using the concept of photons. Threshold frequency and work function are crucial parameters. The photoelectric effect has numerous applications in technology. Introduction: The photoelectric effect is a fundamental … Read more

Points to Remember: Calculate the total investment in districts A and B for both 1995 and 1996. Determine the difference in total investment between 1996 and 1995. Calculate the percentage increase in investment from 1995 to 1996. Introduction: This question requires a factual approach, focusing on calculating the percentage increase in total investment in districts … Read more

Points to Remember: The question requires a numerical answer representing a ratio. We need data on investment in electrical and thermal areas in 1996. Without this data, a precise answer is impossible. The ratio will be calculated as (Investment in Electrical Area – Investment in Thermal Area) / (Investment in Thermal Area – Investment in … Read more

Points to Remember: The question requires a purely factual, mathematical answer. We need data on total investment in District A and District B for 1995 and 1996 to calculate the ratio. The question cannot be answered without this data. Introduction: This question asks for a simple ratio calculation comparing total investment in District B to … Read more

Points to Remember: This is a mathematical projection question requiring a factual approach. We need data on investment in District B before 1997 to calculate the growth rate. The answer will be an approximation. Introduction: This question asks us to project the total investment in District B for 1997, assuming a constant growth rate from … Read more

Points to Remember: Aryabhata’s approximate time period (476-550 CE) His major work, Aryabhatiya Key contributions in algebra, trigonometry, and astronomy. His approximation of π and calculation of Earth’s circumference. His place value system and concept of zero. Introduction: Aryabhata I (476-550 CE) was a renowned Indian mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to the … Read more

Points to Remember: This is a problem involving the speed of a boat in still water and the speed of the river current. We need to use the concept of relative speed to solve this problem. The time taken to travel upstream is different from the time taken to travel downstream. Introduction: This question is … Read more