CGPSC MAINS 2018 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Definition of fossil fuels. Formation process of fossil fuels. Examples of fossil fuels. Environmental impact of fossil fuels. Introduction: Fossil fuels are naturally occurring carbon-rich energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Over millions of years, these organic materials were subjected to intense heat and pressure beneath the … Read more

Points to Remember: LPG’s composition and properties. Sources of LPG. Extraction and processing methods. Safety considerations related to LPG handling and storage. Introduction: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, primarily propane and butane, used as a fuel in various applications. It’s a versatile energy source, utilized for cooking, heating, and … Read more

Points to Remember: Geographical distribution of biodiversity hotspots in India. Endemic species and their significance. Threats to these hotspots. Conservation efforts and strategies. Introduction: India is one of the world’s 17 megadiverse countries, boasting exceptional biodiversity. This richness is not uniformly distributed; certain areas exhibit significantly higher concentrations of endemic species (species found nowhere else) … Read more

Points to Remember: Key Differences: Focus on the initial CO2 acceptor, the enzyme involved, the pathway’s anatomy, and the efficiency of each cycle. Environmental Context: Understand the evolutionary adaptations and ecological implications of each pathway. Introduction: Photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, involves carbon fixation—the incorporation of atmospheric CO2 … Read more

Points to Remember: Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Dominant and Recessive Alleles Genotype and Phenotype Punnett Squares (for illustrating inheritance patterns) Introduction: Gregor Mendel, a 19th-century monk, is considered the “father of genetics” due to his groundbreaking experiments on pea plants. His work, published in 1866 but largely ignored until the early 20th … Read more

Points to Remember: This is a mathematical word problem involving ratios and proportions. The solution requires setting up and solving a system of equations. Introduction: This question is a classic example of a ratio problem commonly encountered in mathematics. Ratio problems involve comparing the relative sizes of two or more quantities. Understanding ratios is crucial … Read more

Points to Remember: The question involves interpreting a pie chart to identify a subject with a specific mark allocation (108 marks out of 540 total marks). Basic arithmetic is required to solve the problem. The solution will involve calculating the percentage of the total marks represented by 108 marks. Introduction: This question requires a simple … Read more

Points to Remember: Urdhva Triyagbhyam (Vertical and Crosswise) is a Vedic mathematics technique for multiplication. Bijank (Digit Sum) is a method to check the accuracy of calculations. Introduction: This question requires a factual and analytical approach. We will solve the multiplication problem 321 × 452 using the Urdhva Triyagbhyam method, a technique from ancient Indian … Read more

Points to Remember: Series combination: Resistances are connected end-to-end. Parallel combination: Resistances are connected between the same two points. Equivalent resistance: The single resistance that can replace the combination and produce the same overall effect. Introduction: The combination of resistances is a fundamental concept in electrical circuits. Understanding how resistances combine in series and parallel … Read more

Points to Remember: Electric field intensity is a vector quantity. It represents the force experienced by a unit positive charge. Its unit is Newtons per Coulomb (N/C) or Volts per meter (V/m). The intensity is higher where field lines are closer together. Introduction: The electric field is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the … Read more