CGPSC MAINS 2018 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Electric field intensity is a vector quantity. It represents the force experienced by a unit positive charge. Its unit is Newtons per Coulomb (N/C) or Volts per meter (V/m). The intensity is higher where field lines are closer together. Introduction: The electric field is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the … Read more

Points to Remember: Electric field intensity is the force experienced by a unit positive charge. It is calculated by dividing the potential difference by the distance between the plates. The unit of electric field intensity is Volts per meter (V/m) or Newtons per Coulomb (N/C). Introduction: Electric fields are regions of space where electrically charged … Read more

Points to Remember: Photovoltaic effect Semiconductor materials p-n junction Electron-hole pair generation Electric current generation Introduction: A photovoltaic (PV) cell, also known as a solar cell, is a device that converts light energy directly into electricity. This conversion is based on the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon where light shining on a material causes it to … Read more

Points to Remember: Habitat loss and degradation Climate change Invasive species Overexploitation of resources Pollution Introduction: Biodiversity, encompassing the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, is facing unprecedented threats. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of non-renewable energy. Characteristics of non-renewable energy sources. Examples of non-renewable energy sources. Environmental impact of non-renewable energy. Introduction: Non-renewable energy refers to energy sources that are finite and cannot be replenished within a human timescale. Unlike renewable sources like solar or wind power, these resources are consumed at a rate … Read more

Points to Remember: Four toxic elements responsible for water pollution. Introduction: Water pollution, the contamination of water bodies, poses a significant threat to human health and the environment. Numerous elements contribute to this contamination, with some being particularly toxic even at low concentrations. These toxic elements often enter water sources through industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, … Read more

Points to Remember: Increased efficiency and productivity Improved decision-making Enhanced market access Reduced environmental impact Improved farmer livelihoods Introduction: E-technology, encompassing the use of computers, mobile devices, and the internet in agriculture, is rapidly transforming the sector. The adoption of e-technology offers significant advantages, leading to increased efficiency, better resource management, and improved market access … Read more

Points to Remember: Profit percentage is calculated on the cost price. Selling price = Cost price + Profit Introduction: This is a simple profit and loss problem in mathematics. Bhavesh’s transaction involves calculating the selling price of a watch given its cost price and the profit percentage earned. Profit is the difference between the selling … Read more

Points to Remember: The question asks for four features of a computer. The approach is purely factual. Introduction: A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts data (input), processes it according to a set of instructions (program), and produces results (output). It’s a complex machine with numerous features, but we will focus on four … Read more

Points to Remember: Software is a set of instructions or programs that tell a computer what to do. Software can be categorized into various types based on its function and purpose. Understanding the different types of software is crucial for effective computer usage. Introduction: Software, in its simplest form, is a collection of instructions, data, … Read more