CGPSC MAINS 2021 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Artificial vegetative reproduction is a human-assisted method of plant propagation. It bypasses sexual reproduction, creating genetically identical offspring (clones). Various techniques exist, each with advantages and disadvantages. The choice of technique depends on the plant species and desired outcome. Introduction: Artificial vegetative reproduction, also known as vegetative propagation, is a horticultural technique … Read more

Points to Remember: Rate of printing: Determine the printing speed of A and B in pages per minute. Time comparison: Calculate the time A takes to print 60 pages. Total pages: Use the time calculated and B’s printing speed to find the number of pages B prints. Introduction: This is a rate and time problem … Read more

Points to Remember: The human digestive system is a complex series of organs working together to break down food. Key components include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play crucial roles in digestion. The process involves mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. … Read more

Points to Remember: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll. It involves two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). Photosynthesis is crucial for life on Earth, providing oxygen and the basis of most food chains. … Read more

Points to Remember: Bacterial waterborne diseases are caused by bacteria contaminating water sources. Protozoan waterborne diseases are caused by protozoa contaminating water sources. Both types of diseases can lead to serious health consequences if untreated. Introduction: Water pollution, the contamination of water bodies with harmful substances, poses a significant threat to public health globally. This … Read more

Points to Remember: Four important biodiversity hotspots in India. Geographical location and significance. Introduction: India is one of the 17 mega-biodiverse countries globally, possessing exceptional levels of biodiversity. This rich biodiversity is not uniformly distributed; it’s concentrated in specific regions known as biodiversity hotspots. These hotspots are characterized by high levels of endemic species (species … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and types of synthetic detergents. Examples of cationic and anionic detergents. Comparison of detergents and soaps, highlighting advantages and disadvantages. Introduction: Synthetic detergents, also known as syndets, are surface-active agents (surfactants) that are chemically synthesized, unlike soaps which are derived from natural sources (primarily fats and oils). They are used for … Read more

Points to Remember: Ohm’s Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance) Series Resistance: Rtotal = R1 + R2 + … Parallel Resistance: 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + … Simplification techniques for complex circuits. Introduction: This question requires a factual and analytical approach to determine the equivalent resistance between points A and B … Read more

Points to Remember: Four fields of communication where computers are extensively used. Introduction: Computers have revolutionized communication, impacting nearly every aspect of how we exchange information. From interpersonal interactions to global broadcasting, digital technologies have fundamentally altered the landscape of communication. While the lines between fields often blur, we can identify several distinct areas where … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and scope of Information Technology (IT). Key components of IT infrastructure. Applications of IT across various sectors. Impact of IT on society (positive and negative). Future trends in IT. Introduction: Information Technology (IT) encompasses the use of computers, storage, networking, and other physical devices, infrastructure, and processes to create, process, store, … Read more