CGPSC MAINS 2022 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Ohm’s Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance) Series Combination: Req = R1 + R2 + … + Rn Parallel Combination: 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn Introduction: This question requires a factual and analytical approach to determine the equivalent resistance between points A and B in … Read more

Points to Remember: Concave mirrors converge light rays, while convex mirrors diverge them. The position and nature (real/virtual, upright/inverted, magnified/diminished) of the image depend on the object’s position relative to the focal point. Ray diagrams use specific rays to locate the image. Introduction: Reflection of light from curved surfaces – concave and convex mirrors – … Read more

Points to Remember: Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Germination: Pollen tube growth. Syngamy: Fusion of male and female gametes. Double Fertilization: Unique to angiosperms, involving two fertilizations. Zygote & Endosperm Formation: Formation of the embryo and nutritive tissue. Introduction: Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, represent the most diverse group of plants … Read more

Points to Remember: Ecosystem diversity encompasses the variety of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes within and between ecosystems. It’s a crucial component of biodiversity, influencing ecosystem services and resilience. Threats to ecosystem diversity include habitat loss, climate change, and pollution. Conservation efforts focus on protecting representative ecosystems and maintaining ecological processes. Introduction: Ecosystem diversity … Read more

Points to Remember: Habitat loss and degradation Invasive species Overexploitation Pollution Introduction: Biodiversity, encompassing the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, is crucial for human well-being and planetary health. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter … Read more

Points to Remember: Biogas production methods Advantages of biogas as fuel Disadvantages and limitations of biogas Comparison with other fuels Sustainability and environmental impact Introduction: Biogas, a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, is increasingly recognized as a valuable renewable energy source. While it’s not … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of an alien species (also known as an invasive species or exotic species). Characteristics of alien species. Impact of alien species on ecosystems. Example of an alien species and its impact. Introduction: An alien species, also known as an invasive species or exotic species, is a species that is introduced into … Read more

Points to Remember: This question requires identifying a pattern in a letter substitution cipher. The approach is purely analytical, focusing on deciphering the coding logic. The solution involves observing the shift in alphabetical position between the original letters and their coded counterparts. Introduction: This question presents a letter substitution cipher, a type of code where … Read more

Points to Remember: The concept of equivalent rational numbers. The process of finding equivalent rational numbers by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same non-zero integer. Understanding the sign conventions in rational numbers. Introduction: A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of two integers, a … Read more

Points to Remember: The components of a computer system can be broadly categorized into hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical components, while software refers to the programs and data that instruct the hardware. Introduction: A computer system is a collection of integrated hardware and software components working together to process information. It’s more … Read more