CGPSC MAINS 2014 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Applications of Electromagnetic Induction AC Generators Transformers Introduction: Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field produces an electromotive force (EMF) – a voltage – in a conductor. This fundamental principle, discovered by Michael Faraday in the 1830s, forms the basis for countless technologies we … Read more

Points to Remember: Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed during metabolism. RQ varies depending on the type of substrate being metabolized. Carbohydrates have a higher RQ than fats. Introduction: The Respiratory Quotient (RQ), also known as the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), is a dimensionless number used in physiology to … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of corrosion Two methods of corrosion protection (detailed explanation of each) Mechanisms involved in each method Advantages and disadvantages of each method Examples of applications Introduction: Corrosion is the deterioration of a material, usually a metal, due to a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. It’s a natural process that … Read more

Points to Remember: pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. 7 is neutral; below 7 is acidic; above 7 is alkaline (basic). pH is a logarithmic scale. pH affects many chemical and biological processes. Introduction: pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. It’s defined as the negative logarithm (base … Read more

Points to Remember: pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. pH = -log₁₀[H⁺], where [H⁺] is the hydrogen ion concentration. A lower pH indicates a more acidic solution, while a higher pH indicates a more basic solution. Introduction: The pH scale is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of nuclear fission. The process of nuclear fission. Examples of nuclear fission. Applications of nuclear fission. Risks and safety concerns associated with nuclear fission. Introduction: Nuclear fission is a process where the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as uranium or plutonium, splits into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing a … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of thermal pollution. Sources of thermal pollution. Effects of thermal pollution on aquatic life and ecosystems. Mitigation strategies for thermal pollution. Legal and regulatory frameworks related to thermal pollution. Introduction: Thermal pollution refers to the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. This alteration, often a … Read more

Points to Remember: Species richness Species evenness Biodiversity hotspots Threats to species diversity Conservation efforts Introduction: Species diversity is a crucial component of biodiversity, encompassing the variety of species within a particular habitat, region, or the entire planet. It’s not simply a count of the number of species present (species richness), but also considers the … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of In-situ conservation Methods of In-situ conservation Advantages and disadvantages of In-situ conservation Examples of In-situ conservation Importance of In-situ conservation Introduction: Conservation biology is a multidisciplinary science focused on protecting and managing biodiversity. A crucial aspect of this field is the preservation of species and ecosystems. Conservation strategies are broadly … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of a cyclone Formation process Types of cyclones Impact of cyclones Mitigation and preparedness Introduction: A cyclone, also known as a hurricane (in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific) or a typhoon (in the Northwest Pacific), is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and heavy rainfall. … Read more