CGPSC MAINS 2016 Paper-4

Points to Remember: 4G’s speed and capacity improvements over previous generations. 4G’s role in enabling mobile broadband and data-intensive applications. The different 4G technologies (LTE, LTE-Advanced). 4G’s limitations and its eventual replacement by 5G. Introduction: 4G, or fourth-generation, is a standard for wireless broadband communication technology. It succeeded 3G and significantly increased the speed and … Read more

Points to Remember: Types of pollution (air, water, land, noise, light) Sources of pollution (industrial, agricultural, domestic) Impacts of pollution on human health and the environment Mitigation and prevention strategies Introduction: Environmental pollution refers to the contamination of the natural environment through the introduction of harmful substances or pollutants. These pollutants can be chemical, physical, … Read more

Points to Remember: Different types of waste exist (solid, liquid, gaseous, hazardous). Waste management involves collection, treatment, and disposal. Waste has environmental, economic, and social impacts. Sustainable waste management practices are crucial. Introduction: The term “waste” encompasses any unwanted or discarded material that is no longer considered useful by its owner. It’s a broad concept … Read more

Points to Remember: Two examples of insectivorous plants. The reason behind insectivorous plants consuming insects. Introduction: Insectivorous plants, also known as carnivorous plants, are fascinating examples of adaptation in the plant kingdom. These plants have evolved specialized mechanisms to trap and digest insects and other small invertebrates. Unlike most plants that obtain nutrients from the … Read more

Points to Remember: Osmoregulation maintains water and electrolyte balance. It involves osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Different mechanisms are used by freshwater, saltwater, and terrestrial animals. Failure leads to cell damage and death. Human osmoregulation is crucial for health. Introduction: Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism’s fluids to maintain the homeostasis … Read more

Points to Remember: The four main factors influencing photosynthesis are light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and water availability. Introduction: Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll, is fundamental to life on Earth. It’s the primary source of energy for most … Read more

Points to Remember: GIS stands for Geographic Information System. GIS integrates location data with other data types. GIS applications are diverse and impactful across various sectors. Understanding GIS involves grasping its components, functionalities, and limitations. Introduction: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools that integrate and analyze location-based data. Instead of simply showing where things … Read more

Points to Remember: Different types of EFT systems. Underlying technologies enabling EFT. Advantages and disadvantages of each method. Security considerations in EFT. Introduction: Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) refers to the electronic transfer of money from one account to another, eliminating the need for physical exchange of cash or checks. It encompasses a wide range of … Read more

Points to Remember: Two key advantages of nuclear energy. Introduction: Nuclear energy, derived from the controlled fission of uranium atoms, represents a significant source of electricity globally. While concerns about safety and waste disposal are prevalent, it offers substantial advantages in terms of energy security and environmental impact compared to fossil fuels. The International Energy … Read more

Points to Remember: Earth’s magnetism is generated by the movement of molten iron in its outer core. The main magnetic elements are the magnetic field itself, characterized by its strength and direction. Variations in these elements are studied to understand Earth’s internal dynamics and space weather. Introduction: The Earth possesses a magnetic field, often visualized … Read more