CGPSC MAINS 2018 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Four primary uses of solar energy will be detailed, focusing on its versatility and growing importance. Introduction: Solar energy, derived from the sun’s radiant light and heat, is a renewable and sustainable energy source. Its utilization is rapidly expanding globally due to increasing concerns about climate change and the depletion of fossil … Read more

Keywords: Probability, cards, red cards, queens, dependent events. Required Approach: Factual and Analytical Points to Remember: Understanding of probability calculations, specifically for dependent events. Knowledge of the composition of a standard deck of cards (52 cards, 26 red, 26 black, 4 queens). Application of the addition and multiplication rules of probability. Introduction: Probability is the … Read more

Points to Remember: Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system. They are specialized cells for transmitting information. Key components include the cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses. Introduction: The nervous system, the body’s complex communication network, relies on specialized cells called neurons or nerve cells to transmit information. These cells are highly specialized, … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of polyembryony. Types of polyembryony. Examples of polyembryony in plants and animals. Significance of polyembryony. Introduction: Polyembryony, derived from the Greek words “poly” (many) and “embryo” (embryo), refers to the development of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovule or zygote. This phenomenon is observed in both plants and … Read more

Points to Remember: Median is the middle value in a dataset when arranged in ascending or descending order. For an even number of data points, the median is the average of the two middle values. Introduction: The question requires finding the median of a given dataset. The median is a measure of central tendency, providing … Read more

Points to Remember: Least Common Multiple (LCM) is the smallest positive integer that is divisible by all the given numbers. Prime factorization is a useful method for finding the LCM. Introduction: The Least Common Multiple (LCM) is a fundamental concept in number theory. Given a set of integers, the LCM is the smallest positive integer … Read more

Points to Remember: Key differences lie in carbon content, manufacturing process, and resulting properties. Each material has unique strengths and weaknesses making them suitable for different applications. Understanding these differences is crucial for material selection in engineering and construction. Introduction: Cast iron, wrought iron, and steel are all ferrous alloys, meaning they are primarily composed … Read more

Points to Remember: The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane. Reflection obeys the principle of reversibility. Introduction: The laws of reflection govern how light behaves when it strikes a surface and bounces off. Understanding these laws is fundamental … Read more

Points to Remember: The basic properties of light include its wave-particle duality, speed, reflection, and refraction. Introduction: Light, the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, is fundamental to our understanding of the universe. It’s not only crucial for vision but also plays a vital role in various scientific and technological applications. While seemingly simple, light … Read more

Points to Remember: Grafting is a horticultural technique. It involves joining parts of different plants. Successful grafting requires compatible plant tissues. Various grafting methods exist depending on plant type and desired outcome. Introduction: Grafting is a horticultural technique where tissues from one plant are joined to those of another, so that they unite and continue … Read more