CGPSC MAINS 2020 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Location of metals in the periodic table. General physical properties of metals (e.g., conductivity, malleability). General chemical properties of metals (e.g., reactivity, oxidation). Exceptions and variations within the metal group. Introduction: The modern periodic table, arranged by Dmitri Mendeleev, organizes elements based on their atomic number and recurring chemical properties. Metals constitute … Read more

Points to Remember: The transformative impact of IT across sectors. The ethical considerations and challenges associated with widespread IT adoption. The future trends and potential of IT applications. Introduction: Information Technology (IT) has revolutionized the 21st century, permeating nearly every facet of modern life. From communication and commerce to healthcare and governance, IT’s large-scale applications … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and characteristics of industrial solid waste (ISW). Sources and types of ISW. Environmental and health impacts of improper ISW management. Various measures for ISW management (prevention, reduction, recycling, treatment, disposal). Policy and regulatory frameworks related to ISW management. Introduction: Industrial solid waste (ISW) encompasses discarded materials generated from industrial processes, manufacturing … Read more

Points to Remember: Ramanujan’s intuitive genius and prolific output despite limited formal training. His contributions to number theory, particularly partitions, modular forms, and continued fractions. His collaborations with G.H. Hardy and their impact on the development of mathematics. The lasting influence of Ramanujan’s work on various fields of mathematics and physics. The ongoing exploration and … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and types of solar cells. Construction and working of a P-N junction solar cell. Materials used in solar cell manufacturing. Applications of solar cells. Introduction: A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic (PV) cell, is an electronic device that converts light energy directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This … Read more

Points to Remember: Median: The middle value in a dataset when arranged in ascending order. For an even number of data points, it’s the average of the two middle values. Cumulative Frequency: The sum of frequencies up to a given point in a frequency distribution. Frequency Distribution: A table showing the number of times each … Read more

Points to Remember: Increased efficiency and productivity Enhanced communication and collaboration Improved decision-making Better customer service New revenue streams and market opportunities Competitive advantage Cost reduction Data-driven insights Introduction: In today’s rapidly evolving business landscape, Information Technology (IT) is no longer a mere support function but a crucial driver of strategic advantage. A business strategy … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and characteristics of biodiversity hotspots. Criteria for hotspot designation. Unique flora and fauna of the Eastern Himalayas. Conservation challenges and strategies. Introduction: Biodiversity hotspots are biogeographic regions with significant levels of biodiversity that are threatened with destruction. Norman Myers, a British environmentalist, coined the term in 1988. These areas are characterized … Read more

Points to Remember: Noise-induced hearing loss Cardiovascular problems Sleep disturbances Mental health issues Reduced cognitive function Increased stress levels Introduction: Sound pollution, also known as noise pollution, refers to the excessive or unwanted sound that disrupts the natural environment and negatively impacts human health and well-being. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that environmental noise … Read more

Points to Remember: Identify the month with the highest postage expenses. Determine the exact amount spent on postage during that month. Introduction: This question requires a factual approach. It demands the extraction of specific data regarding monthly postage expenses from a source (presumably a financial record or report). Without access to that source, a precise … Read more