CGPSC MAINS 2022 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Brahmagupta’s birthdate and birthplace. The name of Brahmagupta’s father. Introduction: Brahmagupta (ब्रह्मगुप्त) was a renowned Indian mathematician and astronomer who lived in the 7th century CE. He is considered one of the most significant figures in the history of mathematics, making substantial contributions to arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Pinpointing the exact … Read more

Points to Remember: The initial ratio of milk to water is 7:5. 9 liters of the mixture are replaced with 9 liters of water. The final ratio of milk to water is 7:9. We need to find the initial quantity of milk. Introduction: This is a problem involving ratios and proportions. It requires a step-by-step … Read more

Points to Remember: Enhanced Communication Speed: IT drastically reduces communication delays. Increased Reach: IT facilitates communication across geographical boundaries. Diverse Communication Modes: IT offers various communication channels (email, video conferencing, etc.). Improved Collaboration: IT enables seamless teamwork and information sharing. Challenges of IT in Communication: Digital divide, misinformation, privacy concerns. Introduction: Information technology (IT) has … Read more

Points to Remember: Four main significances of biodiversity. Four main effects of biodiversity loss. Introduction: Biodiversity, encompassing the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, is crucial for the well-being of our planet and humanity. It underpins numerous ecosystem services that are essential for human survival and prosperity. The … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and basic principles of nuclear energy. Fission process and its role in energy production. Main uses of nuclear energy (electricity generation, medical applications, etc.). Safety concerns and environmental impact. Introduction: Nuclear energy is energy released from the nucleus of an atom. It’s a powerful energy source derived from nuclear reactions, primarily … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of ex-situ conservation. Key methods of ex-situ conservation. Examples of successful ex-situ conservation programs. Limitations of ex-situ conservation. Introduction: Biodiversity conservation is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and supporting human well-being. Conservation efforts can be broadly categorized into in-situ (on-site) and ex-situ (off-site) approaches. Ex-situ conservation involves the preservation of components … Read more

Points to Remember: Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units. Classification of polymers can be based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, and properties. Examples will be provided for each classification. Introduction: Polymers are macromolecules, or large molecules, composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are linked together through covalent bonds … Read more

Points to Remember: Plane mirrors always produce virtual, upright, and laterally inverted images of the same size as the object. Concave mirrors produce different types of images depending on the object’s position relative to the focal point and center of curvature. Convex mirrors always produce virtual, upright, and diminished images, regardless of the object’s position. … Read more

Points to Remember: Phytohormones are plant hormones. Auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin are major phytohormones. Each hormone has specific roles in plant growth and development. Hormonal balance is crucial for optimal plant growth. Introduction: Phytohormones, also known as plant growth regulators, are organic compounds produced within plants that regulate various physiological processes at extremely low concentrations. … Read more

This question requires a factual and analytical approach. The keywords are “expenditure,” “agriculture,” “health,” and “other expenses,” focusing on a comparative analysis of two countries (A and B) based on provided pie charts (which are unfortunately not included in the question). My answer will assume the existence of two pie charts detailing the expenditure breakdown … Read more