CGPSC MAINS 2022 Paper-6

Points to Remember: Social stratification is a hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society. It’s based on various factors like wealth, power, and prestige. Stratification systems vary across cultures and time periods. Social mobility, the movement between strata, is a key aspect. Inequality and social justice are central themes related to stratification. Introduction: Social … Read more

Points to Remember: PratÄ«tyasamutpāda is a core Buddhist concept. It emphasizes interconnectedness and dependent origination. Understanding it requires exploring causality and impermanence. It has implications for ethical behavior and spiritual practice. Introduction: PratÄ«tyasamutpāda (प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद), often translated as “dependent origination” or “conditioned arising,” is a fundamental doctrine in Buddhism. It’s not merely a philosophical concept but … Read more

Points to Remember: Leibniz’s concept of the Monad The nature of substance in Leibnizian metaphysics The relationship between individual monads and God The concept of pre-established harmony Introduction: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a prominent 17th-century philosopher and mathematician, developed a unique metaphysical system centered on the concept of the “monad.” He didn’t explicitly use the term … Read more

Points to Remember: Feminism’s core tenets: gender equality, challenging patriarchy, social justice. Diverse perspectives within feminism: liberal, radical, socialist, intersectional. Historical context and ongoing evolution of feminist thought and action. Criticisms and misconceptions surrounding feminism. Feminism’s impact on various aspects of society. Introduction: Feminism is a diverse and evolving set of social theories, political movements, … Read more

Points to Remember: Varna is a social stratification system. It’s a key concept in Hindu society. It’s distinct from the caste system (Jati), though intertwined. It has historical and contemporary relevance. Its rigid application is widely criticized. Introduction: Varna, a Sanskrit word meaning “color” or “class,” refers to a fourfold social division in traditional Hindu … Read more

Points to Remember: The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical texts. Their core subject is the nature of reality (Brahman) and the individual self (Atman). They explore the relationship between the individual self and the ultimate reality. They offer paths to liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death. Different Upanishads emphasize different aspects … Read more

Points to Remember: Charvaka’s materialistic worldview. Emphasis on sensory experience as the sole source of knowledge. Rejection of metaphysics, afterlife, and supernatural phenomena. Focus on hedonism and pursuit of worldly pleasures. Limited historical influence compared to other Indian philosophies. Introduction: Charvaka, also known as Lokāyata, is an ancient Indian materialistic philosophy that stands in stark … Read more

Points to Remember: Purusha is one of the two fundamental principles in Sankhya philosophy. It represents the pure consciousness, the observer, and the experiencer. It is distinct from Prakriti, the material world. Understanding Purusha involves grasping its attributes and its relationship with Prakriti. The liberation (moksha) in Sankhya is achieved through the realization of the … Read more

Points to Remember: Plato’s cardinal virtues: Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, Justice. Interconnectedness of virtues. Plato’s emphasis on harmony within the individual and the state. Introduction: Plato, a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, profoundly impacted Western thought, particularly concerning ethics and politics. His theory of virtues forms a cornerstone of his philosophical system, deeply intertwined with … Read more

Points to Remember: Asatkaranvad is a philosophical concept related to the nature of reality and perception. It emphasizes the subjective nature of truth and the limitations of human understanding. It has implications for various fields, including ethics, politics, and epistemology. Understanding Asatkaranvad requires examining its historical context and philosophical underpinnings. Introduction: Asatkaranvad, a term primarily … Read more