CGPSC MAINS 2023 Paper-6

Points to Remember: Plato’s concept of virtue is intertwined with his Theory of Forms. Justice plays a central role in Plato’s understanding of the highest virtue. The pursuit of virtue leads to eudaimonia (flourishing). Introduction: This question requires an analytical approach, exploring Plato’s philosophical framework to determine his conception of the highest virtue. Plato, a … Read more

Points to Remember: Dharana is one of the eight limbs of Patanjali’s Yoga. It involves concentration and focused attention. It’s a crucial step towards achieving higher states of consciousness like Dhyana (meditation) and Samadhi (absorption). Various techniques can be used to practice Dharana. Regular practice can lead to improved mental clarity, focus, and emotional stability. … Read more

Points to Remember: The Supermind is the ultimate goal of Aurobindo’s evolutionary philosophy. It represents a state of consciousness beyond the limitations of the human mind. Achieving the Supermind involves a complex process of spiritual evolution. Aurobindo’s concept is both philosophical and spiritual, not purely scientific. Introduction: Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy centers on the concept of … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of cultural lag Factors contributing to cultural lag Examples of cultural lag across different societies Consequences of cultural lag Overcoming cultural lag Introduction: Cultural lag is a concept in sociology that describes the phenomenon where technological advancements outpace the evolution of societal norms, values, and institutions. This disparity creates a gap … Read more

Points to Remember: Etymology of “Darshan” and “Philosophy” Tracing origins and evolution of meaning Contrasting conceptual frameworks Cultural and linguistic contexts Introduction: The question delves into the etymological differences between “Darshan” (दर्शन) and “Philosophy.” Both terms relate to systems of thought and understanding of reality, but their origins and connotations differ significantly, reflecting distinct cultural … Read more

Points to Remember: Sthitpragya is a state of unwavering equilibrium and wisdom. It’s characterized by detachment from worldly desires and unwavering focus on dharma. Achieving Sthitpragya involves self-awareness, self-control, and spiritual practice. It leads to inner peace, freedom from suffering, and a fulfilling life. Introduction: The Bhagavad Gita, a sacred Hindu scripture, introduces the concept … Read more

Points to Remember: Impermanence (anicca) is a core principle in Buddhism. Understanding anicca leads to detachment and liberation from suffering. All phenomena, including the self, are subject to change. Momentariness applies to both physical and mental states. Acceptance of impermanence is crucial for spiritual growth. Introduction: Buddhism, originating in ancient India with Siddhartha Gautama (the … Read more

Points to Remember: Nyaya’s epistemology (pramanas) Concept of perception (pratyaká¹£a) Distinction between ordinary and extraordinary perception Examples of Aloukika Pratyaká¹£a Introduction: Nyaya, one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, emphasizes logic and reasoning as paths to liberation (moksha). A crucial aspect of Nyaya epistemology is its theory of valid means of knowledge (pramanas), … Read more

Points to Remember: The core concepts of “Real is Rational” and “Rational is Real” represent contrasting philosophical viewpoints on the relationship between reality and rationality. “Real is Rational” emphasizes that the world inherently possesses a rational structure discoverable through reason and logic. “Rational is Real” suggests that our understanding of reality is shaped by our … Read more