CGPSC MAINS 2017 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Sources of sea pollution (land-based, ocean-based, atmospheric) Types of marine pollutants (plastic, chemicals, oil, noise) Impacts of sea pollution on marine life, human health, and the economy Mitigation and prevention strategies Introduction: Sea pollution, also known as marine pollution, refers to the contamination of oceans, seas, and other bodies of saltwater with … Read more

Points to Remember: Main gaseous pollutants: Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Main particulate pollutants: Particulate matter (PM), including PM2.5 and PM10. Sources of variation: Engine type, fuel quality, vehicle maintenance. Health and environmental impacts: Respiratory problems, acid rain, smog. Introduction: Automobile exhaust is a significant source of air … Read more

Points to Remember: Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host). Obligate vs. Facultative: Symbiotic relationships can be obligate (necessary for … Read more

Points to Remember: Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration that occurs without oxygen. It produces less ATP (energy) than aerobic respiration. Different organisms use different types of anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration plays crucial roles in various industries and natural processes. Introduction: Respiration is a fundamental biological process where organisms break down organic molecules to … Read more

Points to Remember: Debugging is the process of identifying and removing errors (bugs) from computer programs. Debugging involves various techniques and tools. Effective debugging requires systematic approaches and attention to detail. Introduction: Debugging is a crucial aspect of the software development lifecycle. A “bug” in programming refers to an error, flaw, or fault in a … Read more

Points to Remember: DVD’s primary function is as a storage medium for digital data, primarily video and audio. DVDs have diverse applications beyond home entertainment. The technology is becoming obsolete due to the rise of streaming services. Introduction: DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc (or Digital Video Disc, depending on the context). Introduced in the … Read more

Points to Remember: Fertilizers are substances containing essential nutrients for plant growth. Major constituents include Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K), often represented as NPK. Different types of fertilizers exist, each with varying compositions and applications. Overuse of fertilizers can have negative environmental consequences. Introduction: Fertilizers are substances added to soil to enhance its … Read more

Points to Remember: The split-ring commutator’s primary function is to reverse the direction of current flow in the armature coil of a DC motor at the appropriate moment. This reversal maintains unidirectional torque, ensuring continuous rotation. It’s a crucial component for converting AC induced in the armature to DC torque. Introduction: A DC motor converts … Read more

Points to Remember: Resistance is opposition to the flow of current. Specific resistance is a material property. Factors affecting resistance are material properties, geometry, and temperature. Introduction: Electrical resistance is a fundamental concept in physics and electrical engineering. It quantifies the opposition a material offers to the flow of electric current. A material with high … Read more

Points to Remember: Diabetes is primarily caused by dysfunction of the pancreas. The pancreas produces insulin, crucial for glucose regulation. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes stem from different pancreatic malfunctions. Effective management involves lifestyle changes and/or medication. Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). This occurs … Read more