CGPSC MAINS 2019 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Primary male sex hormone: Testosterone Primary female sex hormones: Estrogen and Progesterone Hormones influence physical development, reproductive function, and behavior. Hormone imbalances can lead to various health issues. Introduction: Human beings, like all mammals, rely on a complex endocrine system to regulate various bodily functions. A crucial aspect of this system involves … Read more

Points to Remember: Nuclear fission as the core process. Different reactor types and their working principles (brief overview sufficient). Indian nuclear power plants and their reactor types. Advantages: low carbon emissions, high power output, fuel efficiency. Disadvantages: nuclear waste disposal, risk of accidents, proliferation concerns. Introduction: Nuclear energy is generated through the process of nuclear … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of water pollutant and its sources. Harmful effects of water pollution on humans (health impacts). Harmful effects of water pollution on plants (growth and survival). Harmful effects of water pollution on animals (health, reproduction, and habitat loss). Harmful effects of water pollution on the environment (ecosystem disruption). Mitigation strategies and policy … Read more

Points to Remember: Vermicomposting’s role in reducing organic waste. Environmental benefits of vermicomposting. Economic advantages of vermicomposting. Challenges and limitations of vermicomposting. Potential for large-scale implementation and policy recommendations. Introduction: Solid waste management is a critical global challenge, with burgeoning urban populations generating ever-increasing amounts of waste. Organic waste, a significant portion of this total, … Read more

Points to Remember: Key figures in Indian mathematics: The question focuses on prominent mathematicians from India, highlighting their contributions and significance. Factual and analytical approach: The answer requires a factual presentation of their lives and work, along with an analysis of their impact on mathematics. Comparative analysis (implicitly): While not explicitly stated, comparing and contrasting … Read more

Points to Remember: Arithmetic mean is the average of a set of numbers. Errors in data affect the calculated mean. Correction involves adjusting the sum of scores and recalculating the mean. Introduction: The arithmetic mean, or average, is a fundamental statistical measure representing the central tendency of a dataset. It’s calculated by summing all values … Read more

Points to Remember: Simple interest calculation involves a fixed percentage of the principal amount each year. The formula for simple interest is: Simple Interest (SI) = (Principal × Rate × Time) / 100 We need to rearrange this formula to solve for the rate of interest. Introduction: This question requires a factual and analytical approach … Read more

Points to Remember: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. It involves two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). Photosynthesis is crucial for life on Earth, providing the oxygen we breathe and the base of … Read more

Points to Remember: Indian Income Tax Slabs for FY 2019-20 Deductions under Section 80C Tax Calculation based on Slab Rates Introduction: This question requires a factual and analytical approach to calculate the income tax payable for a 45-year-old employee earning ₹12 lakhs annually in FY 2019-20 (Financial Year 2019-20, assessment year 2020-21), without considering house … Read more

Points to Remember: The question requires calculating the total number of people surveyed based on the percentage represented by those who liked juice (600 people). A pie chart visually represents the proportion of different categories within a whole. We need to identify the percentage of the pie chart representing those who liked juice to calculate … Read more