CGPSC MAINS 2018 Paper-6

Points to Remember: Overlapping fields of study focusing on human societies. Different methodological approaches and levels of analysis. Shared interest in culture, social structures, and social change. Growing interdisciplinary collaborations. Introduction: Sociology and social anthropology are closely related social sciences that both seek to understand human societies and social behavior. While often overlapping, they differ … Read more

Points to Remember: Social interaction is a dynamic process. It involves reciprocal influence. It shapes individual identities and societal structures. Various factors influence social interaction. Understanding social interaction is crucial for societal harmony. Introduction: Social interaction refers to the dynamic interplay between individuals or groups, involving reciprocal influence and shaping of behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. … Read more

Points to Remember: Origin and historical context of the caste system. Four main varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras) and the Dalits (untouchables). Endogamy and social hierarchy. Occupational specialization and social mobility (or lack thereof). The system’s impact on social, economic, and political life. Legal and social reforms aimed at dismantling the caste system. Contemporary relevance … Read more

Points to Remember: Jiva is the soul or living being in Jain philosophy. It is characterized by consciousness, sentience, and the capacity for experience. Jivas exist in various forms, from humans and animals to microorganisms. The ultimate goal of Jainism is the liberation of the Jiva from the cycle of birth and death (samsara). This … Read more

Points to Remember: Nyaya’s definition of Anumana (inference) as a means of knowledge. The three types of Anumana: Pratyaká¹£a (perception), Anumāna (inference), and Śabda (verbal testimony). The five components of Anumana: pratijñā (proposition), hetu (reason), udāharaṇa (example), upanaya (application), and nigamana (conclusion). The different kinds of Anumana based on the relationship between the hetu (reason) … Read more

Points to Remember: Aristotle’s four causes: Material, Formal, Efficient, and Final. Understanding the interconnectedness of these causes. Application of these causes to various phenomena. Introduction: Aristotle, a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, significantly advanced our understanding of causality. Unlike modern scientific approaches that often focus on efficient causation (cause-and-effect), Aristotle proposed a more holistic … Read more

Points to Remember: The eleven Vratas are principles of self-discipline and ethical conduct advocated by Mahatma Gandhi. They are not rigid rules but rather guidelines for self-improvement and social harmony. Understanding the Vratas requires considering their interconnectedness and application in daily life. Introduction: Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha, or truth force, was deeply rooted in … Read more

Points to Remember: Jaitkham’s definition and historical context. Its socio-economic implications. Legal and ethical considerations surrounding Jaitkham. Potential solutions and policy recommendations. Introduction: “Jaitkham” (जैतखाम) is a term primarily used in the context of certain tribal communities in India, particularly in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. It refers to a traditional system … Read more

Points to Remember: Chhattisgarh is a state in central India rich in biodiversity. National Parks are protected areas with the primary goal of conserving wildlife and their habitats. Wildlife Sanctuaries offer protection to specific species or ecosystems, often with less stringent regulations than National Parks. Introduction: Chhattisgarh, known for its dense forests and diverse flora … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of a proverb. Characteristics of a proverb. Examples of proverbs. Introduction: A proverb is a short, well-known pithy saying that expresses a common truth or piece of advice. Proverbs are a fundamental part of oral traditions across cultures, passed down through generations. They often utilize figurative language, such as metaphors or … Read more