The Kalachuri dynasty, a prominent power in central India during the medieval period, left an indelible mark on the history and culture of Chhattisgarh. Their reign, spanning from the 10th to the 18th century, saw the rise and fall of empires, the flourishing of art and architecture, and the establishment of administrative systems that shaped the region's trajectory.
Early Medieval Kalachuris of Tripuri and their Influence
The Kalachuris of Tripuri, also known as the Kalachuris of Chedi, were the progenitors of the Chhattisgarh Kalachuris. Ruling from their capital at Tripuri (near present-day Jabalpur), they rose to prominence in the 7th century and held sway over a vast territory encompassing parts of modern-day Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh.
Key figures like Kokalla I and Gangeyadeva expanded the kingdom and established the Kalachuris as a formidable force. Their influence extended beyond political and military might. They were patrons of art and literature, and their reign saw the construction of magnificent temples and the flourishing of Sanskrit scholarship.
The Kalachuris of Tripuri's influence on Chhattisgarh was profound. They laid the foundation for the later Kalachuri kingdom in the region, providing a model of governance, cultural patronage, and military strength.
Establishment of the Kalachuris of Ratanpur
The Kalachuris of Ratanpur, also known as the Haihayas of Ratanpur, emerged as a branch of the Tripuri Kalachuris in the 11th century. Kalinga-raja, a scion of the Tripuri family, established the kingdom with its capital at Ratanpur (in present-day Bilaspur district).
Initially, the Ratanpur Kalachuris were vassals of their Tripuri overlords. However, they gradually asserted their independence, culminating in Ratna-deva II's formal declaration of sovereignty in the 12th century.
The Ratanpur kingdom flourished under subsequent rulers like Prithvi-deva II and Jajalla-deva II. They expanded their territory, strengthened their administration, and patronized art and architecture. The kingdom reached its zenith under Pratapa-malla in the 13th century, who further expanded the kingdom and left behind a rich legacy of temples and inscriptions.
Key Features of Kalachuri Rule in Chhattisgarh
Administrative Structure: The Kalachuris established a well-organized administrative system with a hierarchical structure of officials. Land grants and revenue collection were important aspects of their governance.
Religious Patronage: The Kalachuris were devout Hindus and generously supported the construction of temples and the promotion of religious institutions. Shaivism and Vaishnavism flourished under their rule.
Art and Architecture: The Kalachuri period witnessed a remarkable flowering of art and architecture. The temples at Ratanpur, Pali, and other sites stand as testaments to their artistic achievements. The distinct Kalachuri style, characterized by intricate carvings and elaborate sculptures, is a significant contribution to Indian art history.
Economic Prosperity: Agriculture flourished under the Kalachuris, and trade and commerce thrived. The kingdom's strategic location facilitated trade routes, contributing to its economic prosperity.