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Points to Remember: The 102nd Amendment Act, 2018, introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST). It involved significant changes to the tax structure of India. It aimed to create a unified national market and improve tax efficiency. The amendment faced both support and opposition. Introduction: The Indian Constitution (102nd Amendment) Act, 2018, is a landmark … Read more

Points to Remember: Key features of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (CPA). Rights and responsibilities of consumers and businesses. The redressal mechanism under the CPA. Amendments and the impact of the 2019 Act. Limitations and future improvements. Introduction: The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (CPA), was a landmark legislation in India aimed at protecting the rights … Read more

Points to Remember: Fundamental Right to Equality (Article 14) Right to Education (Article 21A) Directive Principles of State Policy (Article 46) Specific provisions related to women’s empowerment in various state policies and schemes. Introduction: India’s Constitution guarantees fundamental rights and lays down directive principles that aim to promote the educational development of all citizens, including … Read more

Points to Remember: Gender inequality is the unequal treatment or perception of individuals based solely on their gender. It manifests across various aspects of life, including economic, social, and political spheres. Addressing gender inequality requires multifaceted approaches involving legal reforms, social awareness campaigns, and economic empowerment. Introduction: Gender inequality refers to the disparity in opportunities, … Read more

Points to Remember: Vocational education’s primary goal is skill development for employment. It bridges the gap between education and the job market. Quality vocational education requires industry collaboration and updated curricula. Challenges include funding, outdated equipment, and societal perceptions. Introduction: Vocational education, also known as career and technical education (CTE), plays a crucial role in … Read more

Points to Remember: NSAP’s objectives: poverty reduction, social security net. Target beneficiaries: elderly, widows, disabled persons, pregnant women and children. Key schemes under NSAP: Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS), Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS), Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS). Funding: Central and State … Read more

Points to Remember: Establishment and Mandate of NCVT Key Achievements in Skill Development Contribution to National Economy Challenges and Future Directions Introduction: The National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT) is a premier organization in India responsible for setting standards, conducting examinations, and overseeing the quality of vocational training across the country. Established under the Craftsmen … Read more

Points to Remember: AICTE’s establishment aimed to standardize and regulate technical education in India. Its objectives encompass quality assurance, curriculum development, and promoting technical manpower development. AICTE plays a crucial role in the growth and development of India’s technical education landscape. Introduction: The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) is a statutory body established … Read more

Points to Remember: Limited jurisdiction: The ICJ only hears cases between states, not individuals or organizations. Enforcement challenges: The ICJ lacks the power to enforce its judgments. State consent is crucial: The ICJ can only hear cases where states have consented to its jurisdiction. Political influence: Political considerations can influence state behavior and compliance with … Read more

Points to Remember: Territorial claims of multiple nations. Importance of maritime resources. Role of international law (UNCLOS). Impact on regional stability. Potential for escalation. Introduction: The South China Sea dispute is a complex and multifaceted geopolitical issue involving overlapping territorial claims by several nations, primarily China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. These claims … Read more