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Points to Remember: Nyaya’s epistemology (pramanas) Concept of perception (pratyaká¹£a) Distinction between ordinary and extraordinary perception Examples of Aloukika Pratyaká¹£a Introduction: Nyaya, one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, emphasizes logic and reasoning as paths to liberation (moksha). A crucial aspect of Nyaya epistemology is its theory of valid means of knowledge (pramanas), … Read more

Points to Remember: Impermanence (anicca) is a core principle in Buddhism. Understanding anicca leads to detachment and liberation from suffering. All phenomena, including the self, are subject to change. Momentariness applies to both physical and mental states. Acceptance of impermanence is crucial for spiritual growth. Introduction: Buddhism, originating in ancient India with Siddhartha Gautama (the … Read more

Points to Remember: Sthitpragya is a state of unwavering equilibrium and wisdom. It’s characterized by detachment from worldly desires and unwavering focus on dharma. Achieving Sthitpragya involves self-awareness, self-control, and spiritual practice. It leads to inner peace, freedom from suffering, and a fulfilling life. Introduction: The Bhagavad Gita, a sacred Hindu scripture, introduces the concept … Read more

Points to Remember: Etymology of “Darshan” and “Philosophy” Tracing origins and evolution of meaning Contrasting conceptual frameworks Cultural and linguistic contexts Introduction: The question delves into the etymological differences between “Darshan” (दर्शन) and “Philosophy.” Both terms relate to systems of thought and understanding of reality, but their origins and connotations differ significantly, reflecting distinct cultural … Read more

Points to Remember: Diverse mediums used by tribal communities globally. Significance of art in tribal culture and identity. Interrelation between art form and environment/lifestyle. Challenges faced in preserving and promoting tribal art. Introduction: Tribal art, encompassing the artistic expressions of indigenous communities worldwide, is a rich tapestry woven from diverse materials and techniques. It’s not … Read more

Points to Remember: Constitutional provisions for Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India. Effectiveness of these provisions in protecting ST interests. Gaps and challenges in implementation. Suggestions for improvement. Introduction: The Indian Constitution, recognizing the historical injustices and marginalization faced by Scheduled Tribes, incorporates several safeguards to protect their interests and promote their socio-economic development. These provisions, … Read more

Points to Remember: Anatta (non-self): The core concept of the “no-soul” theory. Five Aggregates (Skandhas): Understanding the components that make up a person. Impermanence (Anicca): The ever-changing nature of reality. Suffering (Dukkha): The inherent dissatisfaction stemming from attachment to a false self. Nirvana: Liberation from suffering achieved through understanding Anatta. Introduction: Buddhist philosophy, particularly in … Read more

Points to Remember: The Cartesian Cogito: Rene Descartes’ famous philosophical statement. Foundationalism: The philosophical approach underlying the statement. Subjectivity and Certainty: Key themes explored by the statement. Limitations and Criticisms: Challenges to the Cogito’s absolute certainty. Introduction: “Cogito, ergo sum” – “I think, therefore I am” – is a foundational statement in Western philosophy, famously … Read more

Points to Remember: Cyclical theories posit that societies follow recurring patterns of rise, decline, and fall. These cycles are often linked to specific factors like technological innovation, environmental changes, or internal societal dynamics. Different cyclical theories emphasize different driving forces and lengths of cycles. Criticisms include the difficulty in predicting future cycles and the oversimplification … Read more

Points to Remember: Social Reform Movements Legislation and Government Policies Economic Changes Education and Urbanization Globalization and Intermingling of Cultures Rise of Social Justice Movements Introduction: The caste system, a rigid social hierarchy prevalent in India for millennia, has undergone significant transformations over time. While its origins are debated, it’s generally understood as a system … Read more