CGPSC MAINS 2013 Paper-4

Points to Remember: Definition and process of nuclear fusion. Distinction between nuclear fusion and thermonuclear fusion. Examples of nuclear fusion in nature and attempts at artificial fusion. Challenges and potential benefits of harnessing nuclear fusion. Introduction: Nuclear fusion is a process where two or more atomic nuclei combine to form one or more different atomic … Read more

Points to Remember: Convex lenses converge light rays. The position of the object relative to the focal point (F) and the center of curvature (2F) determines the image characteristics (size, orientation, and nature – real or virtual). Ray diagrams are used to visually represent the image formation process. Introduction: A convex lens, also known as … Read more

Points to Remember: The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process vital for life on Earth. Human activities have significantly enhanced the Greenhouse Effect, leading to global warming. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are crucial to address the challenges posed by climate change. Introduction: The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and causes of acid rain. Effects of acid rain on the environment and human health. Sources of pollutants leading to acid rain. Mitigation and prevention strategies. International and national efforts to combat acid rain. Introduction: Acid rain, a term encompassing any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and causes of landslides Types of landslides Factors influencing landslide occurrence Impacts of landslides Mitigation and prevention strategies Introduction: Landslides, also known as landslips, are geological events involving the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. They are a significant natural hazard, causing widespread damage and … Read more

Points to Remember: Victor Meyer’s test is a chemical test used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their reactivity with nitrous acid. The test involves several steps, including the formation of alkyl nitrites, which then undergo different reactions depending on the type of alcohol. The test is based on the different … Read more

Points to Remember: Number of nuclear reactors operated by NPCIL. Installed capacity of these reactors (in MWe). Introduction: The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. It is responsible for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of nuclear power … Read more

Points to Remember: White Revolution: Focuses on increased milk production. Green Revolution: Focuses on increased food grain production. Key Players: Different individuals and organizations played crucial roles in both revolutions. Impact: Both revolutions significantly impacted India’s agricultural landscape and food security, but also had drawbacks. Introduction: India’s post-independence agricultural development has been significantly shaped by … Read more

Points to Remember: Types of nuclear pollution (radioactive vs. thermal) Sources of nuclear pollution Effects of nuclear pollution on human health and the environment Mitigation and remediation strategies International regulations and agreements Introduction: Nuclear pollution refers to the contamination of the environment with radioactive materials or the release of excessive heat from nuclear power plants. … Read more

Points to Remember: Three examples of solar-powered equipment. Introduction: Solar energy, harnessed from the sun’s radiant energy, is a renewable and sustainable source of power. Its application in various equipment contributes significantly to reducing carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability. The increasing affordability and efficiency of solar technology have led to its widespread adoption across … Read more