CGPSC MAINS 2014 Paper-4

How is acetic acid prepared from the following compounds? i) CH₃CN ii) C₂H₅OH iii) CH₃CONH₂ iv) Grignard Reagent (CH₃MgX) v) CH₃COOC₂H₅

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Points to Remember: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) preparation involves various chemical reactions. Different starting materials require different reaction pathways. Understanding the chemical properties of each reactant is crucial. Safety precautions must be followed during chemical synthesis. Introduction: Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is a ubiquitous organic compound with the formula CH₃COOH. It’s a weak … Read more

What do you mean by the acidic nature (strength) of acetic acid? Explain why formic acid is stronger than acetic acid.

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Points to Remember: Acetic acid’s acidity is determined by its ability to donate a proton (H⁺). Formic acid is stronger than acetic acid due to differences in their molecular structures and electron-withdrawing effects. Acidity is measured using pKa values, with lower pKa indicating stronger acidity. Introduction: Acidity, in the context of chemistry, refers to a … Read more

Describe the reactions of acetic acid with the following compounds and give the equation and name of the product: i) NH₃ ii) PCl₅ iii) LiAlH₄ iv) SOCl₂ v) C₂H₅OH

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Points to Remember: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is a weak organic acid, readily reacting with various compounds. The reactions will involve the acidic hydrogen of acetic acid and the nucleophilic/electrophilic nature of the other reactants. Naming the products requires understanding of IUPAC nomenclature. Introduction: Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is a ubiquitous carboxylic acid … Read more

What are Urban and Industrial Solid Wastes? Mention their control measures and management.

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Points to Remember: Definition and sources of urban and industrial solid wastes. Composition and characteristics of both waste types. Environmental and health impacts of improper waste management. Control measures and management strategies for both waste types (segregation, collection, processing, disposal). Role of technology and policy in effective waste management. Importance of sustainable waste management practices. … Read more

Describe briefly the Biogeographic Regions of India.

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Points to Remember: India’s diverse geography leads to distinct biogeographic zones. These zones are characterized by unique flora, fauna, and climate. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect these regions’ biodiversity. Introduction: India, a land of immense geographical diversity, boasts a rich tapestry of biogeographic regions. These regions, defined by their unique assemblage of plants and … Read more

Describe briefly that the Hypothalmo-hypophyseal system is the leader of the endocrine orchestra. Illustrate the main hormonal functions of various endocrine glands.

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Points to Remember: The Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system’s central role in endocrine control. The major endocrine glands and their primary hormones. The interconnectedness of the endocrine system. Introduction: The endocrine system, often referred to as the body’s “chemical messenger system,” relies on hormones to regulate a vast array of physiological processes. These processes include metabolism, growth, reproduction, … Read more

Write an essay on the development of science and technology in India.

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Points to Remember: Pre-independence scientific advancements and limitations. Post-independence policies and institutions promoting science and technology. Significant achievements in various scientific fields. Challenges faced in the development of science and technology in India. Future prospects and policy recommendations. Introduction: India’s journey in science and technology is a complex narrative spanning millennia. From ancient advancements in … Read more

Describe the quick vinegar process for the preparation of acetic acid with chemical equations.

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Points to Remember: Quick Vinegar Process: A fast method for acetic acid production. Acetic Acid: CH₃COOH, a weak organic acid. Aerobic Fermentation: Requires oxygen. Submerged Fermentation: Microbes grow suspended in liquid. Yield and Efficiency: Factors affecting production. Introduction: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), the main component of vinegar, is a crucial chemical used in various industries, including … Read more

Discuss different conventional energy sources. Describe their advantages and disadvantages.

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Points to Remember: Conventional energy sources are those that have been used for a long time and are readily available. Each source has its own set of advantages and disadvantages concerning cost, environmental impact, and availability. A balanced discussion requires considering both the positive and negative aspects of each source. Introduction: Conventional energy sources are … Read more

Discuss the principle and working of primary and secondary cells.

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Points to Remember: Difference between primary and secondary cells. Chemical reactions involved in each type. Advantages and disadvantages of each type. Applications of each type. Environmental considerations. Introduction: Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. They are ubiquitous in modern life, powering everything from smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and … Read more