Polity

According to Article 112 of the Indian Constitution, the Union Budget of a year is referred to as the Annual Financial Statement (AFS). It is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government in a financial year (which begins on 01 April of the current year and ends on 31 March of the following year). In addition … Read more

  1)     the provisions is codified into a single legal document. Provisions means the schedule, parts, articles are clearly defined in a single article. 2)     It is a enacted constitution. It has been brought into existence by a body especially designed for this. Like Constituent assembly in the case of India. 3)     Constitution … Read more

An ‘e-Drishti’ interface has been unveiled. This software includes an interface which provides summary information on punctuality of trains for the previous day. There is also an interface which provides information on current train running on the Indian Railway network. In addition, there are interfaces providing details of freight earning, freight loading and passenger earnings … Read more

The first amendment to the Indian Constitution added the Ninth Schedule to it. It was introduced by the Nehru Government, on 10 May 1951 to address judicial decisions and pronouncements espe­cially about the chapter on fundamental rights. Nehru was also very clear on the purpose behind the first amendment. The state wanted to pursue nationalisation, take away … Read more

. A plea was made in favour of US presidential system of government in the Constituent Assembly4. But, the founding fathers preferred the British parliamentary system due to the following reasons: Familiarity with the System The Constitution-makers were somewhat familiar with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation in India during the British … Read more

. The Committee recommends a total financial investment of Rs 1,00,000 crore over a five  year period. Its key recommendations are: The Committee notes that the ‘present environment on Indian Railways reveals a  grim picture of inadequate performance’ largely due to poor infrastructure and  resources, and lack of empowerment at the functional level. The financial … Read more

The Union Budget, 2018-19, has proposed to treat school education holistically without segmentation from pre-nursery to Class 12. Samagra Shiksha – an overarching programme for the school education sector extending from pre-school to class 12 has been, therefore, prepared with the broader goal of improving school effectiveness measured in terms of equal opportunities for schooling … Read more

Pardoning powers granted under article 72 of the constitution to the President   Pardon – It removes both the sentence and the conviction and completely absolves the convict from all the sentences, punishments and disqualifications. Commutation – It denotes the substitution of one form of punishment for a lighter form. Remission – It implies reducing … Read more

Citizen amendment act made some amendment in  the process of acquiring citizenship. The 2019 act seeks to make illegal migrants who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, eligible for citizenship. The Act further reduces the period of naturalisation ( one of the mode of acquiring citizenship)  for such group of persons … Read more

Civil service neutrality means that civil servants must be non-partisan. They must serve whoever is the elected government of the day. They must be responsible and responsive to the government’s policies. They must obey the lawful political wishes of whomever is in power and serve governments of any party with the same degree of commitment. … Read more