Write names of two important ores of iron and describe its method of extraction with chemical equations.

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Points to Remember:

  • Two important iron ores: Hematite (Fe₂O₃) and Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)
  • Iron extraction involves reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron.
  • The primary method is the Blast Furnace process.

Introduction:

Iron is a crucial element for modern civilization, forming the backbone of numerous industries. Its extraction from ores is a cornerstone of metallurgical engineering. Two of the most significant iron ores are hematite (Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). These iron oxides are found abundantly across the globe and serve as the primary raw materials for iron and steel production. The global production of iron ore in 2022 was estimated to be around 2.5 billion tonnes, highlighting its economic importance. The extraction process generally involves a high-temperature reduction process in a blast furnace.

Body:

1. Hematite (Fe₂O₃):

Hematite, also known as red iron ore due to its reddish-brown color, is a common iron oxide mineral. It’s a relatively abundant ore, found in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.

2. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄):

Magnetite, or lodestone, is another significant iron ore. Its characteristic black color and strong magnetic properties distinguish it from other iron ores. It typically forms in igneous and metamorphic environments.

3. Extraction Method: The Blast Furnace Process

The primary method for extracting iron from its ores (including hematite and magnetite) is the blast furnace process. This involves several key steps:

  • Preparation: The iron ore is first crushed and sized to optimize the process. It is then mixed with coke (a form of carbon derived from coal) and limestone (CaCO₃) as a flux.

  • Blast Furnace Operation: The mixture is fed into a tall, cylindrical furnace called a blast furnace. Hot air is blown into the furnace from the bottom, creating a high-temperature environment (around 2000°C).

  • Chemical Reactions: A series of chemical reactions occur within the furnace:

    • Coke Combustion: Coke reacts with oxygen in the hot air to produce carbon monoxide (CO):
      C(s) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g)
      CO₂(g) + C(s) → 2CO(g)

    • Reduction of Iron Oxide: Carbon monoxide then reduces the iron oxides (using hematite as an example):
      Fe₂O₃(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO₂(g)

    • Fluxing: Limestone decomposes at high temperatures, forming calcium oxide (CaO):
      CaCO₃(s) → CaO(s) + CO₂(g)

    • Slag Formation: Calcium oxide reacts with silica (SiO₂) impurities present in the ore, forming calcium silicate (CaSiO₃) slag:
      CaO(s) + SiO₂(s) → CaSiO₃(l)

  • Product Collection: Molten iron, denser than

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    slag, collects at the bottom of the furnace. The less dense slag floats on top and is tapped off separately. The molten iron is then cast into ingots or further processed in a steel mill.

Conclusion:

Hematite and magnetite are two crucial iron ores, providing the raw material for a vast industry. The blast furnace process, a highly efficient method, reduces these iron oxides to metallic iron through a series of carefully controlled chemical reactions. While the process is effective, it is also energy-intensive and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Future research should focus on developing more sustainable and environmentally friendly methods of iron extraction, perhaps incorporating carbon capture and storage technologies or exploring alternative reduction agents. This will ensure the continued availability of iron for societal needs while minimizing environmental impact, aligning with principles of sustainable development.

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