Points to Remember:
- Sovereignty of Parliament: Parliament’s supreme authority.
- Collective Responsibility: Cabinet’s unified accountability.
- Fusion of Powers: Executive’s dependence on Parliament.
- Parliamentary Supremacy: Parliament’s law-making dominance.
- Accountability Mechanisms: Question Hour, debates, no-confidence motions.
Introduction:
Parliamentary government is a system of governance where the executive branch derives its legitimacy and power from the legislature (Parliament). Unlike presidential systems where the executive and legislative branches are separate and independently elected, parliamentary systems feature a fusion of powers. This fusion is characterized by the executive branch being accountable to the legislature, typically through a prime minister and cabinet who are members of the legislature and who must maintain the confidence of Parliament to remain in power. This system, prevalent in many countries across the globe, including the UK, Canada, India, and Australia, is underpinned by the principle of parliamentary sovereignty.
Body:
1. Sovereignty of Parliament: The cornerstone of parliamentary government is the supreme authority of the Parliament. It holds the power to make, amend, and repeal laws. No other branch of government can override its decisions. This principle, however, is not absolute and can be subject to judicial review in some systems, particularly concerning constitutional matters.
2. Collective Responsibility: The cabinet, comprising ministers heading various government departments, operates under the principle of collective responsibility. This means that all cabinet members are collectively responsible for government policies and decisions, even if they individually disagree with certain aspects. A vote of no confidence against the government typically leads to the resignation of the entire cabinet.
3. Fusion of Powers: Unlike the separation of powers found in presidential systems, parliamentary systems exhibit a fusion of powers. The executive branch (the government) is drawn from and accountable to the legislature (Parliament). The Prime Minister and other ministers are members of Parliament, ensuring a close link between the two branches.
4. Parliamentary Supremacy: Parliament’s legislative supremacy is a key feature. It can enact laws on any subject within its jurisdiction, subject to any constitutional limitations. This power extends to amending or repealing existing laws, including those impacting the executive or judiciary.
5. Accountability Mechanisms: Several mechanisms ensure the executive’s accountability to Parliament. These include:
* **Question Hour:** A period where ministers answer questions from parliamentarians, allowing scrutiny of government actions.
* **Debates:** Parliament provides a platform for debating government policies and holding the executive accountable.
* **No-Confidence Motions:** Parliament can vote to remove the government from power through a no-confidence motion, if it loses the support of the legislature.
* **Committees:** Parliamentary committees scrutinize government activities and legislation.
Conclusion:
Parliamentary government, characterized by the sovereignty of Parliament, collective responsibility, fusion of powers, and robust accountability mechanisms, offers a system of governance where the executive is directly answerable to the legislature. While the principle of parliamentary supremacy is central, its application can vary across different parliamentary systems, with some incorporating elements of judicial review to safeguard constitutional rights. The effectiveness of this system hinges on the strength of its institutions, the engagement of parliamentarians, and the transparency and accountability of the executive branch. Strengthening parliamentary oversight, promoting robust debate, and ensuring the independence of the judiciary are crucial for the continued success and evolution of parliamentary government, fostering a more representative and responsive democracy. A focus on inclusive governance and adherence to constitutional values remains paramount for the holistic development of societies operating under this system.
CGPCS Notes brings Prelims and Mains programs for CGPCS Prelims and CGPCS Mains Exam preparation. Various Programs initiated by CGPCS Notes are as follows:-