Chhattisgarh, a state in central India, boasts a rich tapestry of cultural and architectural heritage, particularly evident in its diverse collection of temples. These sacred structures stand as testaments to the evolution of religious practices and architectural styles over centuries, reflecting the influences of various dynasties and artistic traditions.
Development of Temple Architecture in Chhattisgarh
The development of temple architecture in Chhattisgarh can be broadly categorized into distinct periods:
Early Period (6th – 8th century CE): This period is characterized by brick temples with simple plans, exemplified by the Lakshman Temple in Sirpur. Built during the Sharabhpuriya dynasty, this temple showcases early attempts at ornate decorations.
Medieval Period (9th – 12th century CE): This era witnessed a flourishing of temple construction under the Kalachuri dynasty. Stone became the preferred material, and architectural styles evolved, leading to the emergence of the Nagara style, prominent in temples like Bhoramdeo. This period saw intricate carvings and sculptures adorning the temple walls, depicting scenes from mythology, epics, and daily life.
Later Period (13th – 18th century CE): While temple construction continued, the pace slowed down. The focus shifted towards smaller shrines and simpler designs. However, regional variations and influences from neighboring kingdoms like the Marathas led to the incorporation of new elements in temple architecture.
Notable Sites:
Bhoramdeo Temple: Often referred to as the "Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh," Bhoramdeo Temple is an architectural marvel located in the Kabirdham district. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this 11th-century temple complex showcases exquisite Nagara style architecture. Its walls are adorned with intricate carvings depicting scenes from the epics, puranas, and everyday life. The erotic sculptures, similar to those found in Khajuraho, have earned it its nickname.
Rajim Temple: Situated at the confluence of three rivers – Mahanadi, Pairi, and Sondur – Rajim is a revered pilgrimage site. The Rajiv Lochan Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu, is the most prominent temple here. Built in the 7th century CE, it is one of the oldest temples in the region and exemplifies early brick temple architecture. Rajim also houses a cluster of other temples dedicated to various deities, making it a significant religious center.
Other Notable Temples:
Mahamaya Temple, Ratanpur: Dedicated to Goddess Durga, this temple is known for its intricate carvings and its association with the Kalachuri dynasty.
Danteshwari Temple, Dantewada: A revered Shakti Peetha, this temple attracts devotees from across the country.
Bamleshwari Temple, Dongargarh: Perched on a hilltop, this temple offers stunning views and is a popular pilgrimage destination.
Features of Chhattisgarh Temple Architecture:
Nagara Style: The predominant architectural style, characterized by a curvilinear shikhara (tower) over the sanctum.
Sandstone: The primary building material, lending a distinctive reddish hue to many temples.
Intricate Carvings: A hallmark of Chhattisgarh temples, these carvings depict a wide range of themes, from mythological stories to erotic scenes.
Mandapas: Pillared halls used for religious gatherings and rituals, often found in larger temple complexes.
Garbhagriha: The inner sanctum housing the deity, typically a small, dimly lit chamber